Key Objectives in Unit Two

• Bone Tissue
  • Discuss the functions of bone. Identify the parts of the long bone.
  • Describe the histological features of compact and spongy bone tissue.
  • Describe the process in bone remodeling.
  • Describe a fracture, and the sequence of events involved in fracture repair.
  • Describe the role of bone in calcium homeostasis.
  • Describe the development of the skeletal system.
• The Axial Skeleton
  • Classify the principal types of bones.
  • Describe the various types of markings on the surfaces of bones.
  • Identify the bones of the skull and the major markings associated with each.
  • Identify the principal sutures, fontanels, paranasal sinuses, and foramina of the skull.
  • Identify the bones of the vertebral column and their markings.
  • Identify the bones of the thorax and their markings.
• The Appendicular Skeleton 
  • Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and their markings.
  • Identify the bones of the upper extremity and their markings.
  • Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and their markings.
  • Identify the bones of the lower extremity and their markings.
  • Define the structural features and importance of the arches of the foot.
  • Compare the major structural differences between male and female skeletons.
• Articulations
  • Define an articulation and identify the factors that determine the types and degree of movement at a joint.
  • Classify joints on the basis of structure and function.
  • Contrast the structure, movement and location of the different joints.
  • Describe the structure, types, and movements of freely moveable joints.
  • Describe selected articulations of the body with respect to bones that enter into their formation, structural classification, and anatomical components.
• Muscle Tissue
  • List the characteristics and functions of muscle tissue.
  • Compare the location, microscopic appearance, nervous control, functions, and regenerative capabilities of three kinds of muscle tissue.
  • Describe the importance of a neuromuscular junction and a motor unit.
  • Describe the principal events associated with the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.
  • Identify the sources of energy for muscular contraction.
  • Explain how muscles affect homeostasis of body temperature.
  • Explain how muscle tension can be varied.
  • Describe the different types of skeletal muscle fibers and compare them to cardiac and smooth muscle fibers.
  • Define some of the common muscular disorders.
• The Muscular System
  • Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in producing body movements.
  • Define a lever and fulcrum and describe the three classes of levers with respect to fulcrum, effort, and resistance. Identify the various arrangements of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle and relate the arrangements to strength, contraction, and range of motion.
  • Discuss muscles in terms of prime mover, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
  • Define the criteria in naming skeletal muscles. Identify the principal skeletal muscles of the body by name, origin, insertion, action, and innervations.
  • Discuss the administration of drugs by intramuscular injections.
  • Describe several injuries related to running.

Readings:      Saladin Anatomy and Physiology
                        Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11