Key Objectives in Unit Four

• Blood
  • Describe the general characteristics of blood and discuss its major functions.
  • Distinguish between the various types of blood cells.
  • Discuss the life cycle of a red blood cell.
  • List the major components of blood plasma and describe the function of each.
  • Review the major steps in blood coagulation.
  • Explain the basis of blood typing.
  • Describe how blood reactions may occur between fetal and maternal tissue.
• Heart
  • Name and describe the location of the major parts of the heart and discuss the function of each part.
  • Trace the pathway of blood through the heart and the vessels of coronary circulation.
  • Discuss the cardiac cycle and explain how it is controlled
• Blood Vessels
  • Contrast the structure and function of the major types of blood vessels.
  • Describe the mechanisms that aid in returning venous to the heart.
  • Explain how blood pressure is produced and controlled.
  • Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system.
  • Identify and name the major arteries and veins of the pulmonary, hepatic portal, and systemic circuits.
• Lymphatic System
  • Describe the general components of the lymphatic system and list their functions.
  • Describe the location of the lymphatic pathways.
  • Describe the formation and flow of lymph.
  • Describe a lymph node and its major functions.
  • Distinguish between specific and nonspecific immunity, and provide examples of each.
  • Explain how the two major types of lymphocytes are formed and how they function in immune mechanisms.
  • Name the types of immunoglobulin and discuss their actions.
  • Distinguish between primary and secondary immune responses.
  • Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
  • Explain how allergic reactions, tissue reactions, and autoimmunity are related to immune mechanisms
• Respiratory System
  • List the general functions of the respiratory system.
  • Name and describe the locations of the organs of the respiratory system.
  • Describe the functions of each organ of the respiratory system.
  • Name and describe each of the respiratory air volumes and capacities.
  • Explain how alveolar ventilation is calculated.
  • List several non-respiratory air movements and explain how each occurs.
  • Locate the respiratory center and explain how it controls normal breathing.
  • Describe the structure and function of the respiratory membrane.
  • Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
  • Explain how and why cells use oxygen.

Readings:      Saladin Anatomy and Physiology
                        Chapters 18, 19, 20, 21, 22