Key Objectives in Unit Five

• Digestive System
  • Name and describe the locations and organs of the digestive system and their major parts.
  • Describe the functions of each digestive organ.
  • Describe the structure of the wall of the alimentary canal.
  • Explain how the contents of the alimentary canal are3 mixed and moved.
  • List the enzymes and various digestive organs and glands secrete and describe the functions of each.
  • Describe how digestive secretions are regulated.
  • Explain how digestive reflexes control movement of material through the alimentary canal.
  • Describe the mechanisms of swallowing, vomiting, and defecating.
  • Explain how the products of digestion are absorbed.

• Urinary System

  • Name the organs of the urinary system and describe their general functions.

  • Describe the location of the kidneys and the structure of the kidney.

  • List the functions of the kidney.  

  • Trace the pathway of blood through the major blood vessels of the kidney.

  • Describe a nephron and explain the function of its major parts.

  • Explain how  glomerular filtrate is produced and describe its components.

  • Explain how various factors influence glomerular filtration rate and how the GFR is regulated.

  • Discuss the role of tubular reabsorption in urine formation.

  • Describe a countercurrent mechanism and explain how it helps concentrate urine.

  • Define tubular secretion and explain its role in urine formation.

  • Describe the structure of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

  • Discuss the process of micturation and explain how it is controlled.

• Reproductive Systems

  • State the general functions of the male reproductive system.

  • Name the parts of the male reproductive system and describe the functions of each part.  

  • Outline the process of spermatogenesis.  

  • Trace the path followed by sperm cells from their site of formation to the outside.

  • Describe the structure of the penis and explain how its parts function to produce an erection.

  • Explain how hormones control the activities of the male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.  

  • State the general functions of the female reproductive system.

  • Name the parts of the female reproductive system and describe the functions of each part.

  • Outline the process of oogenesis.

  • Explain how hormones control the activities of the male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.

  • Describe the major events that occur during a menstrual cycle.

  • Describe the hormonal changes that occur in the maternal body during pregnancy.

  • Describe the birth process and explain the role of hormones in this process.

  • List several methods of birth control and describe the relative effectiveness of each method.

• Human Growth and Development

  • Distinguish between growth and development. Describe the major events that occur during the period of cleavage.  

  • Explain how the primary germ layers originate and list the structures produced by each layer.

  • Describe the formation and function of the placenta.

  • Define fetus and describe the major events that occur during the fetal stage of development.   

  • Trace the general flow of blood through the fetal circulatory system.

  • Describe the major circulatory and physiological adjustments that occur in the newborn.

  • Name the stages of development that occur between the neonatal period and death, and list the general characteristics of each stage.

Readings:      Saladin Anatomy and Physiology
                        Chapters 23, 25, 27, 28, 29